*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{overflow-x:hidden;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:120px;--bg:#101112;--fg:#f5f4f0;--muted:#a7a8a9;--line:#333638;--panel:#191b1d;--glass:rgba(16,17,18,.10);color-scheme:dark}
html[data-theme=light]{--bg:#fafaf8;--fg:#181a1b;--muted:#606568;--line:#d7d9d7;--panel:#fff;--glass:rgba(250,250,248,.10);color-scheme:light}
body{margin:0;isolation:isolate;background:var(--bg);color:var(--fg);font:16px/1.6 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;overflow-x:clip}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}button{font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,[tabindex]:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--fg);outline-offset:6px}::selection{background:#d3e6ce;color:#101112}h1,h2,h3,p{margin-top:0}
.header-inner,.site-footer,main{max-width:1440px;margin:auto}
.site-header{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:30;background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--glass-tint,var(--bg)) 10%,transparent);backdrop-filter:blur(3px);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(3px)}
.header-inner{height:100px;padding:0 64px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}
.wordmark{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.25;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.2px;flex-shrink:0}.brand-icon{position:relative;display:block;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:47px;font-style:italic;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0;font-weight:400}.brand-icon::after{content:"";position:absolute;left:.43em;top:.22em;width:.105em;height:.105em;border-radius:50%;background:currentColor}
.site-header nav{display:flex;gap:28px;align-items:center;font-size:14px}.site-header nav>a:hover,.site-header nav>a[aria-current]{text-decoration:none;text-underline-offset:6px}.theme-toggle{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:50%;width:44px;height:44px;padding:0;display:grid;place-items:center;background:var(--bg);color:var(--fg);font:inherit;flex-shrink:0}.theme-toggle:hover{background:var(--panel)}
main{position:relative;z-index:1;padding:0 64px}.intro{padding:48px 0 30px}.intro h1{font-size:clamp(64px,8.9vw,124px);font-weight:400;letter-spacing:-.065em;line-height:.99;margin:0}.intro h1 span{font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:-.055em}
/* Every title inhabits a common field; forms can extend into neighbouring space. */
.title-art{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;min-width:0}.title-art>.artwork{position:absolute;inset:-65px -55px;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none}.artwork{pointer-events:none;mask-image:none;-webkit-mask-image:none}
.art-dark,.art-light{width:100%;height:100%}.art-light{display:none}html[data-theme=light] .art-dark{display:none}html[data-theme=light] .art-light{display:block}.artwork svg{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;overflow:visible}
.title-art h1,.title-art>h2,.title-art>h3{max-width:16ch;position:relative;margin:0;text-wrap:balance;text-shadow:0 2px 24px var(--bg),0 0 8px var(--bg)}.title-art a:hover{text-decoration:none;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:7px}
.featured{scroll-margin-top:120px;min-height:345px;padding:46px 38px 46px 0}.featured>h2{font:400 clamp(40px,4.4vw,64px)/1.13 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-1.9px}.featured .artwork{inset:-140px -60px -80px 12%}.essay-section{padding:12px 0 60px;scroll-margin-top:120px}.essay-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8px 60px}.essay-card{min-height:255px;padding:42px 30px 35px 0}.essay-card>h2{font:400 clamp(29px,2.8vw,39px)/1.2 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-.7px}.essay-card:has(.art-source[open]),.featured:has(.art-source[open]){z-index:5}
/* Native details remains usable on touch, keyboard and without JavaScript. */
.art-source{position:absolute;right:0;top:9px;z-index:4}.art-source summary{width:44px;height:44px;display:grid;place-items:center;cursor:pointer;list-style:none;border-radius:50%;color:var(--muted)}.art-source summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.art-source summary:hover,.art-source[open] summary{color:var(--fg);background:var(--panel)}.site-header .art-source{position:relative;top:auto;right:auto;flex-shrink:0;margin-right:-16px}.source-popover{position:absolute;right:0;top:50px;width:min(480px,calc(100vw - 44px));padding:23px 25px;background:var(--panel);box-shadow:0 12px 70px #0004;border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;max-height:min(600px,75dvh);overflow:auto}.site-header .source-popover{right:-60px;max-height:calc(100dvh - 118px)}.source-popover h2{font:400 20px/1.3 Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 22px}.source-popover section+section{margin-top:23px}.source-popover h3{font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:500;margin:0;color:var(--muted)}.source-popover .formula{font-size:.78em}.source-popover>a{display:inline-block;margin-top:18px;font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;text-underline-offset:4px}.formula{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;padding:7px 0}.katex-display{margin:.6em 0!important}.katex-display>.katex{text-align:left!important}
.site-footer{position:relative;z-index:1;padding:35px 64px 45px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px;font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.footer-links{display:flex;gap:25px}.site-footer a:hover{text-decoration:none;text-underline-offset:5px}.social-links{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:4px;margin-left:auto}.social-links:empty{display:none}.social-links a{display:grid;place-items:center;width:40px;height:44px}.social-links a:hover{color:var(--fg)}.skip{position:fixed;left:20px;top:-100px;padding:12px 20px;background:var(--fg);color:var(--bg);z-index:50}.skip:focus{top:20px}
.reader-art{position:fixed;inset:-8vh -18vw;z-index:0;opacity:var(--art-fade,1);transform:translate3d(0,var(--art-y,0px),0)}
.article-header{min-height:390px;margin:15px auto 65px;padding:60px 0}.article-header h1{font:400 clamp(45px,5.8vw,78px)/1.1 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-2.8px;max-width:17ch}.reading-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,720px) 220px;gap:72px;max-width:1080px;margin:0 auto 70px;align-items:start}.reading-layout:not(:has(.contents)){grid-template-columns:minmax(0,720px);max-width:720px}.reading-layout>.prose{grid-column:1;grid-row:1;text-shadow:0 0 12px var(--bg),0 0 3px var(--bg)}.contents{grid-column:2;grid-row:1;position:sticky;top:132px;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);padding-left:20px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-height:calc(100dvh - 164px);overflow:auto}.contents ol{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.contents li{margin-bottom:13px;line-height:1.5}.contents li:last-child{margin:0}.contents a:hover,.contents a[aria-current]{color:var(--fg)}
.prose{font:19px/1.85 Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word}.prose p{margin:0 0 1.5em}.prose h2{font:400 32px/1.25 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-.7px;margin:2.4em 0 .8em;scroll-margin-top:130px}.prose h3{font:500 22px/1.4 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;margin:1.9em 0 .7em}.prose h4{font-size:20px}.prose>p:first-child{margin-top:0}.prose a{text-decoration:none;text-decoration-color:var(--muted);text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.prose a:hover{text-decoration-color:var(--fg)}.prose sup{font:11px Arial,sans-serif;line-height:0;margin-left:2px}.prose img{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:30px auto}.prose img+p>em:only-child{font:13px/1.6 Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--muted);display:block}.prose blockquote{margin:32px 0;padding:4px 0 4px 25px;border-left:2px solid var(--fg);font-style:italic}.prose blockquote p:last-child{margin:0}.prose ul,.prose ol{padding-left:25px}.prose li{margin:.5em 0}.prose pre{max-width:100%;overflow:auto;white-space:pre-wrap;background:var(--panel);padding:22px;font:13px/1.7 ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,monospace}.prose code{font-size:.8em;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.prose hr{border:0;height:0;margin:45px 0}.table-scroll{overflow-x:auto;margin:25px 0;max-width:100%}.prose table{border-collapse:collapse;min-width:580px;font:14px/1.65 Arial,sans-serif}.prose td,.prose th{padding:13px 16px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.prose th,.prose tr:nth-child(even){background:var(--panel)}
.next-essay{display:block;padding:35px 0 60px;max-width:1080px;margin:auto;font:32px/1.3 Georgia,serif}.next-essay>span:last-child{display:block;max-width:27ch}.next-label{display:block;font:12px/1.5 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:14px}.next-essay:hover>span:last-child{text-decoration:none;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:7px}
.text-page{max-width:880px;margin:70px auto 100px}.text-page>h1{font:400 clamp(40px,5vw,66px)/1.13 Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-2px;margin:25px 0 55px}.text-page>.prose{max-width:690px}.formula-library{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:32px;margin-top:60px}.formula-library section{padding:25px 0;min-width:0}.formula-library h3{font:400 25px Georgia,serif;margin:13px 0}.formula-library p{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}

@media(max-width:1000px){.header-inner{padding:0 36px;height:88px}main{padding:0 36px}.site-footer{padding:30px 36px;flex-wrap:wrap}.intro{padding-top:38px}.featured{min-height:310px}.essay-grid{gap:4px 40px}.essay-card{min-height:240px}.reading-layout{display:block;max-width:720px}.contents{position:static;max-height:none;padding-left:20px;margin-bottom:48px}.article-header{min-height:340px;margin-bottom:40px}.next-essay{max-width:720px}}
@media(max-width:650px){html{scroll-padding-top:100px}.header-inner{padding:0 22px;height:80px;gap:12px}.site-header nav{gap:15px;font-size:13px}.wordmark{font-size:11px;gap:9px}.brand-icon{font-size:36px}.site-header .art-source{margin:0 -10px}.site-header .source-popover{position:fixed;top:72px;left:22px;right:22px;width:auto;max-height:calc(100dvh - 100px)}main{padding:0 22px}.intro{padding:32px 0 22px}.intro h1{font-size:clamp(53px,12.1vw,78px)}.featured{min-height:285px;padding:52px 24px 36px 0}.featured>h2{font-size:39px;letter-spacing:-1px}.featured .artwork{inset:-110px -110px -60px -70px}.essay-section{padding:0 0 32px}.essay-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}.essay-card{min-height:235px;padding:45px 24px 35px 0}.essay-card .artwork{inset:-70px -90px}.essay-card>h2{font-size:33px;max-width:16ch}.site-footer{padding:25px 22px 36px;gap:18px}.footer-links{gap:22px}.social-links{margin-left:-10px}.reader-art{inset:-5vh -62vw;opacity:.54}.article-header{min-height:320px;margin:0 0 25px;padding:44px 0}.article-header h1{font-size:44px;letter-spacing:-1.5px}.source-popover{padding:22px 18px}.source-popover .formula{font-size:.72em}.prose{font-size:18px;line-height:1.85}.prose h2{font-size:28px;margin-top:2em;scroll-margin-top:105px}.prose h3{font-size:21px}.prose pre{padding:15px;font-size:12px}.reading-layout{margin-bottom:40px}.next-essay{font-size:28px;padding-bottom:40px}.text-page{margin:40px 0 70px}.text-page>h1{letter-spacing:-1.3px;font-size:41px;margin-bottom:35px}.formula-library{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
@media(max-width:370px){.header-inner{padding:0 16px}.site-header nav{gap:9px}.wordmark{font-size:10px;gap:7px}.brand-icon{font-size:32px}.site-header .art-source{margin:0 -8px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*::before,*::after{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}
@media print{.site-header,.site-footer,.artwork,.art-source,.contents,.next-essay,.hi-particle-field{display:none!important}html{--bg:white;--fg:black;--muted:#444;--line:#bbb}main{padding:0}.article-header{min-height:0;padding:0}.article-header h1{text-shadow:none}.reading-layout{display:block}.prose{font-size:12pt;text-shadow:none!important}a{color:black}}
@media(min-width:651px){.essay-card .source-popover{width:min(480px,calc((100vw - 192px)/2))}}
@media(min-width:651px) and (max-width:1000px){.essay-card .source-popover{width:calc((100vw - 112px)/2)}}

/* Palette identity follows the article; lightness changes only for legibility. */
body,.title-art,.next-essay{--primary:var(--primary-dark,var(--fg));--link-color:var(--link-dark,var(--fg))}
html[data-theme=light] body,html[data-theme=light] .title-art,html[data-theme=light] .next-essay{--primary:var(--primary-light,var(--fg));--link-color:var(--link-light,var(--fg))}
body[data-page=article]{--glass-tint:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bg) 84%,var(--primary) 16%)}
a{color:var(--link-color,var(--fg))}.wordmark{color:var(--fg)}.prose a{color:var(--link-color);text-decoration-color:currentColor}.contents a:hover,.contents a[aria-current]{color:var(--link-color)}
.article-header{min-height:max(600px,calc(100svh - 100px));margin:0 auto clamp(100px,15vh,180px);align-items:flex-start;padding:clamp(80px,13vh,145px) 0 0}
.featured .artwork{inset:-100px -20vw -90px -20vw}
.essay-card:nth-child(odd) .artwork{left:calc(-50vw + 50% - 12vw);right:-5%;top:-80px;bottom:-80px}
.essay-card:nth-child(even) .artwork{right:calc(-50vw + 50% - 12vw);left:-5%;top:-80px;bottom:-80px}
@media(max-width:1000px){.article-header{min-height:max(580px,calc(100svh - 88px));margin-bottom:100px}}
@media(max-width:650px){.article-header{min-height:max(560px,calc(95svh - 80px));margin-bottom:95px;padding-top:70px}.reader-art{inset:-8vh -20vw;opacity:var(--art-fade,1)}.featured .artwork{inset:-90px -22vw -80px -22vw}.essay-card:nth-child(n) .artwork{inset:-70px -22vw}}
@media print{.article-header{min-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}}

/* The drawing plane is washed once; titles and navigation sit above it. */
.art-wash{position:fixed;inset:0;background:#fff;opacity:.05;pointer-events:none;z-index:1}
main,.site-footer{z-index:2}
html{--title-outline:#000;--title-veil:rgba(16,17,18,.88)}
html[data-theme=light]{--title-outline:#fff;--title-veil:rgba(250,250,248,.88)}
.title-art h1,.title-art h2{paint-order:stroke fill;-webkit-text-stroke:1px var(--title-outline)}
.title-art h1,.title-art h2 a{background:var(--title-veil);box-shadow:0 0 22px 14px var(--title-veil);box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone}
.article-header h1{background:none;box-shadow:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 0 5px var(--bg));text-shadow:1px 0 var(--title-outline),-1px 0 var(--title-outline),0 1px var(--title-outline),0 -1px var(--title-outline),0 0 18px var(--bg)}
.header-inner,main,.site-footer{max-width:1720px}
body[data-page=home] .intro{padding-bottom:70px}
.essay-grid{column-gap:clamp(100px,10vw,220px);row-gap:clamp(90px,9vw,170px);padding-bottom:200px}
.essay-card{min-height:330px;padding:55px 0;align-items:center}
.essay-card:nth-child(even){transform:translateY(190px)}
.essay-card>h2{font-size:clamp(36px,3.15vw,54px);max-width:17ch;line-height:1.16}
.essay-card:nth-child(n) .artwork{top:-130px;bottom:-130px}
@media(min-width:1700px){.header-inner,main,.site-footer{padding-left:100px;padding-right:100px}.essay-card{min-height:410px}.essay-grid{row-gap:170px}.essay-card:nth-child(even){transform:translateY(245px)}}
@media(max-width:1100px){.essay-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:100px;padding-bottom:0;max-width:850px;margin:auto}.essay-card:nth-child(even){transform:none}.essay-card{min-height:330px}.essay-card>h2{font-size:clamp(36px,5.2vw,52px);max-width:20ch}.essay-card:nth-child(n) .artwork{inset:-115px -30vw}.essay-section{padding-bottom:80px}}
@media(max-width:650px){body[data-page=home] .intro{padding-bottom:45px}.essay-grid{gap:75px}.essay-card{min-height:265px;padding:45px 0}.essay-card>h2{font-size:34px}.essay-card:nth-child(n) .artwork{inset:-105px -45vw}}
@media print{.art-wash{display:none}.title-art h1,.title-art h2,.title-art h2 a{background:none;box-shadow:none;-webkit-text-stroke:0;filter:none}}

.article-header h1>span{background:var(--title-veil);box-shadow:0 0 22px 14px var(--title-veil);box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone}
.intro h1{paint-order:stroke fill;-webkit-text-stroke:1px var(--title-outline);text-shadow:0 0 18px var(--bg)}
/* Match the washed drawing plane, with an opaque-enough local text backdrop. */
html{--washed-bg:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bg) 95%,#fff);--title-veil:color-mix(in srgb,var(--washed-bg) 80%,transparent)}
html[data-theme=light]{--title-veil:color-mix(in srgb,var(--washed-bg) 80%,transparent)}
.title-art h1,.title-art h2,.intro h1{-webkit-text-stroke:2px var(--title-outline)}
.title-art h2 a,.article-header h1>span{box-shadow:0 0 16px 6px var(--title-veil)}
.article-header h1{filter:none;text-shadow:0 0 12px var(--washed-bg)}
.prose a,.contents a,.next-essay>span:last-child{background:var(--washed-bg);box-shadow:0 0 4px 2px var(--washed-bg);box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone}
/* contrast then brightness maps an unpainted SVG channel c to .95c + .05. */
html:not(.field-ready) body[data-page=home] .artwork{filter:contrast(.904761905) brightness(1.05)}
main,.site-footer{transition:opacity 420ms ease}
@media print{.title-art h1,.title-art h2,.intro h1{-webkit-text-stroke:0}.article-header h1>span,.prose a,.contents a,.next-essay>span:last-child{background:none;box-shadow:none}}

/* Give the contrast contour horizontal breathing room and rounded joins. */
.title-art h2 a,.article-header h1>span{padding:.035em .24em;border-radius:.22em;box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-shadow:0 0 12px 4px var(--title-veil)}
.title-art h2,.article-header h1{margin-left:-.24em}
.title-art h1,.title-art h2,.intro h1{text-shadow:1px 0 var(--title-outline),-1px 0 var(--title-outline),0 0 12px var(--washed-bg)}
.prose a,.contents a,.next-essay>span:last-child{border-radius:.2em}
@media print{.title-art h2 a,.article-header h1>span{padding:0;box-shadow:none}.title-art h2,.article-header h1{margin-left:0;text-shadow:none}}

.brand-blog{display:block;font-size:10px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.04em;line-height:1.6}
.intro h1 small{display:block;font:400 clamp(19px,2vw,26px)/1.5 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;margin-top:18px;-webkit-text-stroke:0}
.essay-card{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;gap:18px}
.article-header{flex-direction:column;gap:24px}
.publication-date{font:12px/1.5 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--muted);letter-spacing:.035em;background:var(--title-veil);border-radius:7px;padding:4px 8px;margin-left:-8px;box-shadow:0 0 10px var(--title-veil)}
@media(max-width:650px){.brand-blog{font-size:9px}.intro h1 small{margin-top:12px}}

.theme-toggle svg { display: none; }
.theme-toggle[data-preference="auto"] [data-mode="auto"] { display: block; }
.theme-toggle[data-preference="light"] [data-mode="light"] { display: block; }
.theme-toggle[data-preference="dark"] [data-mode="dark"] { display: block; }

.essay-summary{max-width:44ch;margin:0;font:16px/1.65 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--fg);text-wrap:pretty}
.essay-summary>span{background:var(--title-veil);box-shadow:0 0 8px 3px var(--title-veil);border-radius:.2em;box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone}
@media print{.essay-summary>span{background:none;box-shadow:none}}

/* The article illustration follows the reader-selected theme. */
.prose .article-image-light{display:none}
html[data-theme=light] .prose .article-image-dark{display:none}
html[data-theme=light] .prose .article-image-light{display:block}

.prose .themed-image{display:block}
@media print{
 html .prose .themed-image .article-image-dark{display:none!important}
 html .prose .themed-image .article-image-light{display:block!important}
}
.mathematics{margin-top:80px;scroll-margin-top:120px}.mathematics>.prose{max-width:690px}